There are Two Senses of 'Objectivity'
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R. W. Newell in OBJECTIVITY, EMPIRICISM AND TRUTH
argued there are "Two Faces of Objectivity"
in [] = mine
R. W. Newell wrote:The idea of objectivity is handed down to us bearing two generically different faces.
- 1. One of them [faces] is a source of self-imposed puzzlement and guides directly to foundationalism.
2. Objectivity's other face is altogether different; it is central to our concerns and indispensable to our actions as rational beings.
Objectivity's second face is a largely untechnical conception, on the whole thought to be of less philosophical interest than the first one. [see below]
R. W. Newell wrote:The first face of objectivity
The first face of objectivity is an essentially technical conception...
It gives objectivity two roles.The two roles become linked when objective particulars are seen as the topics of objective judgments and, thus linked, ‘objectivity’ becomes an explanatory notion.
- First, an ontological role ascribing objectivity to ‘objects’, or particular bodies, entities, complexes or states of affairs existing apart from perceptions more or less continuously in space and time, falling under the heading of ‘objective particulars’.
And second, an epistemological role in which objectivity is ascribed to items of a different sort, beliefs, judgments, propositions or products of thought about what is really the case, forming a general class of ‘objective judgments’.
The positing of an objective world of particulars independent of experience is intended to account for experience as we have it.
Objective particulars seem required if there is to be any explanation of how different impressions taken to be representations of the world are to have a unity ensuring identity through change, or any explanation of beliefs about the continuous and independent existence of real objects.
And they [Objective particulars] seem needed if cogency is to be given to the idea that judgments about the real world can be independent of judgments about particular states of awareness or experience.
For this could not occur, it seems, unless an aggregative structure of outer things and their properties provide a stable referential framework for the ascription of predicates, as well as the means by which assertions of fact can have truth-values irrespective of the beliefs of individuals.
Objective particulars are needed as the correlates of objective judgments to explain how experiences can succeed or fail to represent the world.
Central to this picture of objectivity is the requirement that beliefs about an objective world must hold good independently of the experiences, or particular states of mind, on which people may rely for their assertion.
This fastening of objectivity to impersonality is a common premise of different epistemologies.
Although Locke took personal experiences to differ in the extent to which they are trustworthy indicators of an impersonal external world, he nevertheless honoured the premise in his account of representation.
And Kant held that even if experience has to possess the connectedness of a unified world, judgments about objects, if they are objective, hold independently of the occurrence of any experiences of them.
The intention [of the 1st face] is to dissociate objective judgments from any essential connection with the opinions and experiences of persons, or from anything that can be called ‘oneself’.
The above is related to this thread;R. W. Newell wrote:The Second Face of Objectivity
Objectivity's second face is a largely untechnical conception, on the whole thought to be of less philosophical interest than the first one.
Objective judgments are contrasted with prejudiced, biased or dogmatic judgments and objectivity is associated with impartiality, detachment, disinterestedness and a willingness to submit to standards of evidence.
It is distinctive of this [2nd face] view that objectivity attaches to persons through their actions.
What makes a judgment objective is not something special about outer objects, but something special about people's practices.
Seen in this way objectivity is an inter-personal notion, giving sense to the idea that a person may be, or may become objective by the exercise of a disposition to act within the constraints of a wider social practice, just as, for example, honesty is associated with identifiable patterns of behaviour within a network of practice so, in this view, objectiveness is identified by a respect for certain norms, and among them are standards of evidence and argument regulating ways of resolving disputes, settling issues and deciding beliefs. [FSKs?]
A person may be encouraged or taught to be objective; he may learn to be, for example, by trying to free himself from the bias of his beliefs; he may choose to be objective, much as he may choose to be honest; and he can be commended for his objectivity, for we see objectivity as being a desirable quality in a person.
In these cases the earlier ontological role is displaced by a normative one attaching objectivity to people and their actions.
‘Objectivity’ becomes a quality of character applied or withheld on the evidence of what one does.
Thus the two ‘faces’ face the world differently.
On the first view, objectivity will depend upon the existence of impersonal entities and is independent of subject-related properties;
on the second view it is dependent upon the performance of human actions and bound up with choices and decisions.
Practical Knowledge Conflated with Speculative Knowledge
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PH and others who deny there are no objective moral facts because they have conflated practical knowledge with Speculative Knowledge. i.e. the Two Faces of Objectivity.
Discuss?? Views??