There are two modes of realization and cognition,Western and East Asian cultures differ in their norms and practices such that they likely alter the brain's perception.
Western culture tends to stress individualism and independent attainment, while East Asian culture focuses on collectivism and relationships.[3]
The result of the different societies is two unique methods of thinking.[5]
In addition to affecting cognition, the two cultures also alter one's visual perception of their environment.[6][7]
More specifically, the norms and practices of Western culture isolate objects from their environmental context to analytically think about the individual item.
This differs from the norms and practice of East Asian culture, which involve the relationship or interdependence between an object and its environmental context.
As a result of this culture, East Asians would likely focus on the interdependent nature of an object and its surroundings while Westerners would tend to center their attention on the object and how it relates to them.
To summarise, East Asians would focus on the interrelatedness between a stimulus and its context, but Westerners would focus on the independence of the object and its relationship to themselves.
Many studies have found this pattern to be true and one of the simplest experiments is the framed-line test.[6]
The results of it show that Americans pay attention to an object independent of its environment, while Japanese focus attention on the environment and interrelated objects.
Hedden et al. used a modified framed-line test in conjunction with fMRI to determine if there were any physiological differences in subjects brains as a result of the cultural differences.[8]
They found that when Americans were asked to make more relative judgments and when East Asians to make absolute judgments, both stimulated similar areas of the brain.
When either cultures' nonpreferred judgment was provoked the result was the same for both groups.
"The frontal and parietal lobes, specifically the left inferior parietal lobe and the right precentral gyrus were more stimulated than when culturally preferred judgments were made."
Thus, a person's societal culture determines how activated this neural network becomes when making visual perceptions.
Plus, the degree of activation depends on how deep one's cultural background is.
As a result of the differences between Western and East Asian cultures, different neural patterns are activated in the brain depending on particular environmental circumstances.
Clearly, culture affects the activity of the brain's functional perception mechanisms in order to better navigate their particular cultural environment.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroanth ... y#Research
1. Western: Mind-Independent Reality
2. Eastern: Not-Mind-Independent but Mind interrelatedness.
Obviously we cannot generalize that ALL within each groups are the same.
I would estimate the following;
Western: 90% Mind-Independence: 10% Mind-interrelated
Eastern: 80% Mind-interrelated: 20% Mind-Independence
Eastern in the above cover East-Asians & West Asian
Western cover Europe and UK [& Americans].
As I had argued, Mind-Independence is primal, proto and an evolutionary default mode of realization of reality which is dominant in the 'Western' dogmatic mode of cognition.
While the 'Eastern' mind is more toward Mind-interrelatedness, they still retain their primal proto independent cognition, but they have progress above that to the complementary mind-interrelated mode of thinking.
This is evident with the earlier civilizations (Chinese, Indian, Mesopotamic] in the Eastern sectors in contrast with those in the West [Europe].
So it is brain-wise, i.e. neuroscientific that Peter Holmes will forever be stuck with his independent 'what is fact' that is illusory; thus for him, there are no moral facts so, no solid grounds to facilitate moral progress for humanity towards the future.